Essay Sample on Nationalism

Consequences of Nationalism. Free Essay Sample Describe the consequences of nationalism The affection, responsibility and an inclination to sacrifice for the country is defined as nationalism. Nationalism can have both positive and negative impact on the country depending on the type of nationalism such as Ethnic nationalism, Civic nationalism, Liberal nationalism, Expansionist nationalism, and so on. Most of these types have their own benefits and some of them can be unfavorable at the same time. Nationalism saw prominence only in the 19th century due to the formation of many nations that did not exist in the early 18th century. Many nations co-relate nationalism directly to racism, and the people in such countries are programmed to act accordingly. Nationalism has seen many negative consequences; however among the positive ones are: development of an organized society, the elaboration of non-corruptive government, elaboration and public spirit and sense of pride for the nation. Nationalism in some states is considered to be a political principle, wherein the radical and general units of the nation are harmonious. Nationalism sometimes breaks down in personal matters, when the political issues of the states arise. The nationals, in such situations emphasize on the state affairs rather than working as a unit for the nation. It is believed that some factors that categorize nationalism are beliefs on religion, linguistic, history of the nation, and tribalism. A few negative consequences of nationalism have led to war and manslaughter, since sometimes it becomes a prerequisite for conflicting forces that pose a danger to the nation. Opinion poll shows that the economic condition of the nation plays an important part in the nationalism development. People with positive nationalism are easy-going and open to accept others due to their morals about good citizenship and social integrity.

Social inequality in 1820s Essay - 1385 Words

Social inequality in 1820s Social equality has been a goal of America since its very beginning. However, it was only an intention to be socially equal, but not a goal. Social equality or the fact that all men were created equal only applied to the white man. There was no intention in meaning that the blacks and Indians or even the women were equal. In the eyes of the delegates, and the common white majority, blacks, indians, and women were not an issue. To them, it was apparent that blacks were kids, Indians were savages, and women were homemakers. From the late 18th century to the mid 19th century was the greatest era of social and racial inequality in all American history. The Declaration of Independence states, We hold these†¦show more content†¦He was a child whom somebody had to look after. - W.J. Cash, The Mind of the South, pg. 85. Blacks were considered children. Social Equality cannot be achieved if inferiority is placed upon a race. Through the eyes of the Southerners, they believed that they were in fact saving the Black man from hell and his own savagery. Social and Racial Equality in the south was incredibly hard to obtain because blacks were considered childish, stupid, inferior, and hell-bound without the white mans help. On page 83 of The Mind of the South, W.J. Cash states, The black man occupied the position of a domestic animal. without will or right of is own. And yes, the black man did play the role of a domestic animal, he was stripped of liberities, property, and will by the whites. The black man PLAYED the role of a domestic animal, but he was not a domestic animal. The institution of slavery brought the blacks to the lowest class possible, the slave class, they had no respect, no equality, no rights. It took the will of abolitionists, white and black, along with the power of war to end slavery , and another 100 years for blacks to gain their rights. 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The new administration certainly saw gains for the majority; namely, public participation in government increased to unprecedentedRead MoreSlavery And The Civil War1447 Words   |  6 Pagesare not aware that before slavery the young nation was going though growing pains there were years of political strife and social upheaval that culminated in to Civil war that actually resulted in the Emancipation of Slaves. Slavery was pivotal to the compromises and conflicts of national politics in the decades leading up to the Civil War. The Sectional Crisis between 1820 and 1860 set off numerous controversies that ended up in the courts and in Congress. It started with the Missour i CompromiseRead MoreWalt Whitman s Song Of Myself1191 Words   |  5 Pageswhich lead him to having a collection of unnamed poems, and one of them was â€Å"Song of Myself†. 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The fact that t he most famous theory of societal inequality- Marxism enunciated a famous political ideology from the 1840s by Karl Marx (1818-83) and Friedrich Engels (1820-95) showed the influential new political ideology emerging from the vast inequalities signifying the seriousness of the problem in industrial societies. This economic determinism view was frustrating the middle class factory and mill

The Effects of Suburban Neighborhoods on Stream Ecology Research Proposal

Essays on The Effects of Suburban Neighborhoods on Stream Ecology Research Proposal The paper "The Effects of Suburban Neighborhoods on Stream Ecology" is an excellent example of a research proposal on environmental studies. A team of ecologists is studying the effects of suburban neighborhoods on stream ecology and due to limited time and finances, has decided to collect data from two sample points on a single stream. Measurables are temperature, dissolved oxygen, and aquatic macroinvertebrates.   The design will not give the researchers defensible scientific results because of the reliability and validity issues that arise from sampling strategy. The quantitative scope of the study requires reliability and validity that the design lacks. A representative sample is one of the qualities of a quantitative study this lacks in the research. Using a single stream ignores data from other streams in the neighborhood and should difference exist in the streams’ composition, the results will not reflect on the data. The use of two sample points is another issue that undermines the scientific quality of the study. Even a single stream may have different features along its flow and multiple data points are necessary for capturing information at different points. The arbitrary selection of two data collection points also identifies a threat to bias, possibly because of convenience. Internal and external threats to reliability therefore exist, extend to the validity of the study†™s results, and undermine its scientific quality (Cohen, Manion, Morrison, 2013).The use of many streams for the study and many data points from each stream would improve the design, assuming that resource and time constraints are resolved. Reliance on secondary data can be an alternative if the constraints still exist. Probability sampling of data points, such as the use of stratified random sampling with demographic factors and existing literature on features of streams as bases for defining strata, would also improve the design (Cohen, Manion, Morrison, 2013).

To Kill a Mocking Bird Racism Free Essays

In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, you will read that through all the hard times and hardship family and friends will always stay together in the end. Discrimination is a commonly used subject in To Kill a Mockingbird. With the setting of To Kill a Mockingbird being in the early 1900’s racism was very common. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird Racism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author used this information to his advantage because he was able to show how discrimination changed everyday interaction and life with other people. Everyday of our lives we come in contact with racism and discrimination against people with different colored skin.. In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, there are inevitable examples on how racism has been used in Maycomb County. Bob Ewell accuses Tom Robinson, a young black man, of raping Mayella Ewell, a young white girl. Of course everyone knows that Tom Robinson is going to lose in the trial only because the court always favors white clients against black clients because: â€Å"In our courts, when it’s a white man’s word against a black man’s word the white man always wins. They’re ugly, but those are the facts of life† (X) Atticus tells Jem. This shows the power of racism in Maycomb County. The power is that just because a man is black means he loses in court no matter what. In the court is not the only time that racism occurs. When Atticus decided that he was going to defend Tom Robinson Francis, Atticus’s nephew, he calls him a â€Å"nigger-lover†. When Atticus asks him what he means he says, â€Å"Just what I said. Grandma says it’s bad enough he lets you run wild, but now he turned out to be a nigger lover. † (X) This shows that even though Francis is in his family it doesn’t matter, if you’re racist you will be put down and stereotyped by anyone and everyone. Even when Atticus is defending a man in court he will be called names because of the man he is defending. Even though Atticus is everything but racist, Jem, Atticus’s son, were being brainwashed by the towns thoughts and opinions. One day as Jem and Scout were talking behind the courthouse Jem says something to scout that was very racist, â€Å"Once you have a drop of Negro blood, that makes you all black. † This shows that the thought of racism is not only seen in adults, but it is now flooding into the minds of children. In conclusion there are many forms of racism that were showed and used in Maycomb county within children and adults. How to cite To Kill a Mocking Bird Racism, Essay examples

Plan & Plot Interior and Construction Pvt. Ltd - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePlan Plot Interior and Construction Pvt. Ltd. Answer: Introduction The report is at the view of selecting the real estate company hypothetically and the steps involved in its opening will be elucidated. The company selected is Plan Plot Interior and Construction Pvt. Ltd. (P P). Basically the company deals in the house construction and along with it providing the interior decoration at the relatively low cost to initially establish the business. Thereafter the internal and external analysis of business environment has been done to gain the market knowledge and the level of competition that prevails. First of all the assumed business has been selected and the steps involved in the accomplishment of business process are examined with the help of its 7 steps. Secondly the external environment has been studied through the Porters 5 forces model to evaluate the market condition and thereafter the internal environment was also researched using the SWOT tool where the strengths and lacks of the internal business are gained so that required changes could be incorporated. Lastly, the strengths and weakness of the internal and external tool has been investigated to mark its authentication and predicting the future strategies. Plot and plan interior and construction pvt. ltd. (P P) The company that has been selected for start-up is the Plot and Plan Interior and Construction Pvt. Ltd. The company deals in constructing the plans for building the houses, apartments and deals with the housing agencies. It mainly deals with the housing constructions along with the interior designing of the homes. Overall, the business deals with constructing and decorating the houses. It also undertakes the activities of repairing and renovating the plan of house by efficiently utilising the spaces and turning it out into the modern houses. Exporting of services is also supported through the online provision of services by constructing the group of freelancers who renders there services to foreign clients as well. This created the job opportunity as well as spread the business in overseas market without much investment of capital. To set up the business and implement the ideas the set up need to be designed and there is a set procedure which is to be followed to start-up the busine ss successfully and with the entire authentication (Mintzer, 2009). These steps are elucidated as under: Market research: First of all to start a business the market research has to be done. For that the core market should be analysed and use of the products and services need to be evaluated. It is necessary to know whether the services provided are in demand in the market or are they one of its own kind and likely to enhance the demand in the near future. The market survey is essential with respect to know whether the services are already existent in the market or is it covering the niche market. Market research also includes the study in terms of average income that the competitors are able to generate. While researching upon the market the competitors must also be figured out and there moves must be monitored and accordingly the launch is to be made (Houzz, 2013). Financial requirements: Finance is the blood of any business, as the body stops functioning without the blood similar is the case with the business. It could not survive for long period of time without the adequate fund. To start the business huge amount of capital requirement is necessary and plans are made to arrange the finance and what sources of funding need to be used. The financial aspect also depends upon the size of the business, if the business is at the major scale the requirements of finance is according to it. If investors are invited then marketing plan has to be designed in order to attract the investors to invest their values in the business (Bienert Santovito, 2017). Hiring the legal advisor: The legal advisor is another crucial element that plays a vital role in opening up of the business. The correct legal advisor helps in constructing the best and reliable paperwork which supports the business in an efficient manner. Also the good legal advisor always tries to protect and favour the company with their knowledge and practices. Attorneys helps in drafting the authentic contract, review the lease criteria, selects the best structure for business and construct the better business plan. The adequate manner to appoint the attorney is either through the referrals or by adopting the networking criteria (Kelly, 2016). Hiring the accountant: The selection of best accountant is essential enough to design and advice about the best ownership option to opt for. The accountant assists the attorney in rendering the advices to owner. The financial books are recorded by the accountants like bookkeeping and auditing the financial affairs that the company undergo. It is the duty of the accountant to advice owner in terms of the reserve policy as how to maintain the reserve and what will be the best essential manner to utilise the reserve in an effective manner. Accountant also assists the organisation in dealing with the tax affairs of the company and how these taxes could be paid so that entire payment has been made and tax saving is also enjoyed without any evasion (Tsui, Zhang Chen, 2017). Deciding the structure of business: By the structure of business it is meant that which type of ownership will be selected. Is the business setup a sole-proprietorship? Is the business favouring partnership? Initiating a corporation is also a thoughtful option but requires a lot more investment in its establishment. Even the limited liability corporation (LLP) could be adopted. Every business has its own choices and liabilities along with the liabilities there taxes and other paper work involved in choosing any type of business as accordingly the legal authorities and dealing takes place. The attorney and accountant assists in making the decision and drawing out the valuable and suitable solution beneficial for the business and its further development in the market area. Deciding the name of business: For every business its name is the foremost thing that strikes the mind of the partners, competitors, investors and other stakeholders. The companys name is the initial identity of the business. At the time of registration the name of the company is enrolled. It is the principle of conducting the business that a business is the artificial person and it comprises of its separate legal entity. Also the attention should be paid on selecting the best business name. There are certain properties that need to be kept in mind while deciding the business name, the name selected should not be similar to the other business as the popularity gets connected when the similar names are adopted and it is adverse for either of the parties. The spell check need to be made, the meaning of the name should comprise of certain meaning or it should be such that the characteristics and nature of the business gets depicted through the name itself (Yderflt Roxenhall, 2017). Getting all the necessary licenses and permits: The business indulged in the real estate need to acquire the valid licence and government permit to deal in the properties and local law of the city or state where the property has been located. The agents dealing in the real estate have to acquire the required license to precede the business further in an authentic manner. For that all the category of licenses need to be researched upon and the suitable category of license has to be adopted for the flexible and barrier free working is conducted in the future and development could be ensured (Winfree, Roasentraub Mills, 2016). Porters five forces Porters 5 forces model is given by Michael Porter who was the professor at Harvard Business School. The aim of developing this theory is to analyse the external market also known as the macro environment for the sake of evaluating the market competition that prevails in the market. Considering the real estate industry the porters analysis will assist in knowing the scenario of market in terms of real estate so that internal functioning could be made (Xiao Xu, 2017). Threat to new entrants: Real estate industry is the unique industry and is considered different from the construction industry. Many entrepreneurs are trying their skills, knowledge and abilities in the field of real estate to attain the heights by covering the major market area and attracting consumers. Also the real estate industry highly contributes in the economy of the country. In the recent times real estate business is growing up with the high pace and thereby the competition has been increased in different regions resulting in the political and economic growth simultaneously (Zhang Ren, 2006). The threat if substitute products: As the real estate industry is in the growing times the market targeted is changing on the continuous basis. The competition has become strict as the industry has transferred from public consumption to the private consumption. The personal consumption ask for varieties and since the competition is tough and everyone is entering in the similar field as the property business is gaining hike therefore people are switching to the best dealer and broker. Therefore in order to stay ahead of the substitutes two attributes have been added to business to grab the customers attention and enjoy two services at a time (Selvaraj Krishna, 2017). The bargaining power of suppliers: The suppliers play a vital role in conducting the business as the business is moreover dependent over the suppliers and they might use the threat of pricing by increasing the rates of the products which bound the buyers to pay the extra amount and recover it from their buyers or in order to maintain the market position and stand in the competition firmly the company might deduct the profit margin. The costing of land is the premier part in the case of real estate business, since the supply of the lands are limited in number therefore the bargaining power increases as the provider of land has the high-supply side (Chiu, 2016). The bargaining power of buyers: Buyer could be anybody; it can be an individual, family, any organisation or the department of government. In order to analyse the bargaining power of the purchasing behaviour of consumers are analysed. The private consumption buyer are more conscious now, they are aware enough about the things happening within the market and could easily compare the prices of and bargain accordingly. The developer of land renders the large fluctuations rights which directly affect the relationship and performance of the sales person and the income also gets affected. When the buyer get to know about the price flexibility within the process of land acquisition the bargaining power increases. Also the new entrants provide fewer prices and prefer price flexibility to construct the strong consumer base (Hayness, Nunnington Eccles, 2017). The competition between industry and rivals: The competitors are those dealing in the similar area of work and setting almost the similar pricing strategies to gain consumer base and retail the consumer so as to increase the consumer loyalty. Competitors are considered to be the most important part of the business as the consumers today need the number of options so that consumers could decide accordingly and with the increased competitor rivalry also increases (Ang et al, 2017). SWOT Analysis SWOT is the acronym of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Strength. It is the internal analysis also known as micro analysis. It helps in analysing the internal atmosphere of the company (Xiao, 2016). Strength: Strengths of the real estate business Plan and Plot Pvt. Ltd. (P P) is that it helps in driving out the individual abilities and the resources are available in high quality. The individual competencies are well defined in the real estate business. The real estate team is effective as well as proactive (Li et al, ). Weakness: In the real estate and interior development business there is the resistance and adaptability of changes i.e. fluctuation in rate takes place. There occurs the gap in the organisational leadership and motivational problems also exist within the staff. The process of dealing with the things consists of stress and difficulty occurs (Jiang et al, 2017). Opportunities: The opportunities attached with policies and procedures initially implement the technology in the very new manner which should be effective. The competition could be weakened so that fair business is carried also the international real estate strategy could be adopted to flourish the business and lead it to new heights (Andres, 2016). Threats: The level of risk attached with real estate is very high and the frequent changes occur in the environment of positioning. The biggest threat is the changes affecting the preferences of the buyer and the modification taking place on the legal ground (Lerena, 2016). The strength and weakness of internal and external sources of environment Strength The strength of external sources porters five models is that it helps in analysing the external environment which helps in gaining the knowledge and awareness of the changing trends and tastes of the consumer. To what extent consumers are able to bargain and how much price flexibility does the real estate developer provides (Zhao et al, 2016 ). In terms of SWOT analysis it is an internal environment analysis which supports the internal structure of real estate business. It evaluates the working of business and what strength and weakness does it comprises of. Also the opportunities and threats are been seen and how these opportunities could be converted into strengths and the threats to be taken as challenges (Van Besthorn, 2017). Weakness The weakness of porters five models is that the external environment is dynamic in nature and there are certain factors that could not be predicted and they could be the political and legal norm that affects the business and at the certain stages due to these reason even the business come to an end. In the case of real estate the land acquisition by government is done and on the orders of government the land need to be vacated (Schaltegger, Burritt and Petersen, 2017). Weakness in the SWOT analysis is the weakness and threat portion. The weakness of the business lowers down the goodwill of the business and they are the portion where the company lacks. It leads to the improvement of the internal structure only and does not pay any role in rejuvenating the external environment. Conclusion The report argues over the construction business. For the sake of assessment the hypothetical company has been selected, namely, Plan and Plot Interior and Construction Pvt. Ltd (P P). The steps of opening up the business has been discussed in the seven steps which include the generation of ideas till the implementation of idea and starting up the business and heading towards the development. The business is further been analysed in the internal and external market using the competitive strategies and tools. For understanding and evaluating the external environment porters 5 forces model has been selected and in order to analyse the construction and interior designing business SWOT analysis has been done. At the end both the tools were evaluated on the parameter of strength and weakness. References Andres, P., 2016. Strategic planning and analysis of a small construction company. Ang, S., Olanrewaju, A.L., Chia, F.C. and Tan, Y.S., 2017, Awareness on Sustainable Affordable Housing Among Homebuyers in Malaysia, InMATEC Web of Conferences, Vol. 103, p. 03014. Bienert, S. and Santovito, R., 2017. Drivers and opportunities of sustainability in real estate development.Routledge Companion to Real Estate Development. Chiu, D.S.T., 2016.A technology-driven solution to disrupt the residential real estate industry of existing homes(Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Haynes, B., Nunnington, N. and Eccles, T., 2017.Corporate real estate asset management: Strategy and Implementation. Taylor Francis. Houzz, 2013, 6 steps to planning a successful building project, https://www.forbes.com/sites/houzz/2013/11/27/6-steps-to-planning-a-successful-building-project/#b2eca473b45e, accessed on 15th October 2017. Jiang, R., Mao, C., Hou, L., Wu, C. and Tan, J., 2017, A SWOT analysis for promoting off-site construction under the backdrop of Chinas new urbanisation,Journal of Cleaner Production. Kelly, M., 2016. Business Idea Generator: Great Ideas to Start Your Small Business. Lerena, D. C., 2016, Real estate and SWOT analysis, https://www.costainvest.org/en/real-estate-swot-analysis/, accessed on 15th October 2017. Li, C.Z., Hong, J., Xue, F., Shen, G.Q., Xu, X. and Luo, L., 2016. SWOT analysis and Internet of Things-enabled platform for prefabrication housing production in Hong Kong.Habitat International,57, pp.74-87. Mintzer, R., 2009, 7 Essential start up steps, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/202106, accessed on 15th October 2017. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. and Petersen, H., 2017.An introduction to corporate environmental management: Striving for sustainability. Routledge. Selvaraj, A. and Krishna, N., 2017. Eastern Housing LimitedMarketing Strategies of Real Estate Company in Bangladesh.Vision,21(1), pp.101-103. Tsui, A.S., Zhang, Y. and Chen, X.P., 2017. Successful Business through Moral Conduct and Integrity. InLeadership of Chinese Private Enterprises(pp. 225-237). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Van Wormer, K. and Besthorn, F.H., 2017.Human behavior and the social environment, macro level: Groups, communities, and organizations. Oxford University Press. Winfree, J.A., Rosentraub, M.S. and Mills, B.M., 2016.Sports finance and management: Real estate, entertainment, and the remaking of the business. CRC Press. Xiao, Y. and Xu, L., 2017. Business Expanding and Strategic Decision-Making Innovation for Real Estate Valuation Companies Based on Big-Data. InProceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate(pp. 1057-1068). Springer, Singapore. Xiao, Y., 2016, January. Sustainable development approach of Chinese home inspection industry based on SWOT analysis. InSustainable Development: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Development (ICSD2015)(pp. 444-454). World Scientific. Yderflt, . and Roxenhall, T., 2017. Real estate business model innovation and the impact of ego network structure.Management Research Review,40(6). Zhao, Z.Y., Zuo, J., Wu, P.H., Yan, H. and Zillante, G., 2016. Competitiveness assessment of the biomass power generation industry in China: A five forces model study.Renewable Energy,89, pp.144-153.

The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) Essay Example

The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) Paper The gangster genre of film has been on of the few genres which has evolved over time whilst still remaining close to the basic formula of each film. One of the firsts to mark the start of the gangster/crime genre was D. W. Griffiths The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912). The earlier films were set in the silent era if film. Meaning the narrative would often be crude and lack depth, due to the lack of any true dialogue. It wasnt until the 1927 film that the first modern gangster film was created, in the form of Josef von Sternbergs melodrama Underworld. It held many of the standard conventions and filmed from the gangsters point of view, a first for the genre. When the 1930s and the emergence of sound being used in the film dawned. So did the use of real-life crime bosses being used in the narrative for the crime/gangster drama. Many films were made about Al Capone. The films also because more appealing to the audience, as the added excitement of screeching tyres and gun shots. As the 30s continued, a wave of gangster films was released, each using the same narrative formula each time. Usually involving a gangster or bootlegger cast in an ant-hero role, however, towards the end of the film, he would meet his demise. One of the main formulas on the gangster genre was its mise en scene. The lighting was always dark. The costumes and props were also set to a specific formula, gangsters wore nice suits (usually black) and carried Tommy Guns. Police officers wore their uniforms and carried batons and private detectives always wore a brown trenchcoat and hat. In the early 1930s, the Hays Production Code brought the curtain down on the days of glorifying the main role of gangsters as hero. We will write a custom essay sample on The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The code brought us new gangster films, portraying the police or private detectives on the right side of the law as the Good Guys. Most of the films carried a moral of Crime doesnt pay. This quietened the uproar from the audience as the narrative gave the audience a hero that they could truly get behind. Gangster films kept to the same kind of formula which were tried and tested, until 1972. Im gonna make him an offer he cant refuse. Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather (1972) reinvented the genre. Based on the book, written by Mario Puzo, of the same name, the film was about the Corleone family. A Sicilian family who settled into New York, whos crime syndicate made them as powerful as the Government and Big Business. One thing thats strikes with The Godfather is the non-diegetic soundtrack. It has one of the most recognisable theme tunes in a film. However, every piece of music is parallel. This may add to the soundtrack in one way, yet the lack of contrapuntal may be a detriment in another. This could be due to Francis Ford Coppola wanting to play it safe, and to not tamper with the atmosphere the music creates. The Godfather also had many selling points to the audience. The most obvious being its cast, featuring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan and Diane Keaton. However, one can look towards the book aswell to draw in an audience. The narrative structure remained focused on a single story throughout the course of the film. This is rare for a film with such a long approximate running time (Nearly 3 hours). This have been detrimental to the appeal of the film, as people may find it hard to sit through a single story for 3 hours The language in the film is also very important to the film. One thing the audience might notice is the lack of the words Mafia and Cosa Nostra. These being replaced with a euphemism of The Family (Or La Famiglia). This is quite the Juxta position, as such euphemisms are used; yet there are brutal murders which take place throughout the course of the film. There is also the use of both Italian and English. This could be interpreted as Coppola and Puzo trying to make them film as authentic as possible. People who are of different ethnicity still speak their mother tongue, even though they have immigrated to another country. The costume used in the film continues on with the gangster formula, with the Corleone males in expensive suits, the women in expensive clothing too. This is a shift from the moral of Crime doesnt pay which was placed on the genre some 40 years earlier. The opening shot of the film is a close up a face of a man in the Dons dark hone office; this opens up with intrigue, as the audience doesnt know who this man is. Most of the camera angles used in the film are used to make Don Vito Corleone look as powerful as possible, usually a high angle mid shot, to make him superior. There are also scenes where he has a light shining from above him, to make him look God like, despite his actions being more of reminiscent the devil. The Godfather laid the template for future films of the genre, while still following. It continues the representation of Italian-Americans being very family-orientated, complimented with a fiery temper. This is a double-edged stereotype, as it is positive that Italians are very close knit families, yet negative because of the short fuse. Say ello to mah lil friend Scarface (1983) was loosely based on Al Capone, however, the lead role was that of Cuban immigrant Tony Montana (Played by Godfather star Al Pacino). Scarface has a different selling point to The Godfather, which is that it is loosely based on Al Capone. However, the use of Al Pacino, who was in The Godfather can also be its selling point. One major difference between Scarface and The Godfather is its non-diegetic soundtrack. There is one scene in the film which is reminiscent of a Rocky movie. There was a montage where Montana and his associates were committing many illegal activities, however, the music used was contrapuntal, and it had a very positive sound to it. The language used was modern, with lots of expletives, showing that the gangsters are now starting to lose their class. Gangsters used to be like upper class businessmen, however, now the audience were starting to see gangsters as lower class people, who just happen to have money. The costume was a slight variation on the classic gangster attire. They were still wearing suits, however, the style is modern. One also notices the style of suit change as the film progresses, especially on Tony Montana. When he first enters Floridas crime world, he was wearing a cheap, pea-green polyester suit. However, towards the end of the film, his style becomes more and more expensive. Compare this to The Godfather, almost everyone is in a black suit, this could be due to Coppola wanting the audience to view the Corleone family as the Bad Guys and Brian LaPalma wanting the audience to root for Tony Montana. One of the first props the audience will take notice of is the Chainsaw which is used to kill Tonys friend Angel. This showed that the genre was getting more brutal and there was blood in abundance. This again can be referred back to The Godfather, as Tony cared for his friends and family, which is a positive social trait, however, this is sandwiched between the brutality and criminal activities. Scarface borrowed a lot of its Mise en Scene from The Godfather, despite being made some eleven years later. The audience was still seeing big guns, luxury cars, suits and money. The camera angles were made to look Tony Montana look very powerful, with lots of close ups and high angle mid shows and back lighting. The film also kept with a single narrative structure. Look, can everyone stop getting shot? Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) did something most films have tried, but havent really succeeded in. Making working class people look like gangsters. Gangsters were becoming working class heroes. The narrative has multiple stories, the first being the card game which has put the four central characters into  £500,000 worth of debt, and the second being the shifting of marijuana between two different gangs who have never even met before. The camera angles used were very different; there werent as many close-ups as there wasnt really one single central character. That being said, the first shot is an extreme close up of Eddy and other unnamed men (who later turn out to be policemen). One camera shot that is used to good effect is the slow motion shot. It makes an action-packed shot seem more realistic, as it is thought that when something like getting shot at happens, everything seems to happen in slow motion. The diegetic sound in these scenes are also muffled. There was also a lack of any direct brutality. The Godfather and Scarface show killings in great detail, however, when someone got shot in Lock, Stock, we dont actually see it happening. The musical score was also very different from the norm when it comes to the Gangster genre. The use of bands such as Ocean Colour Scene made the soundtrack more appealing to the audience, as opposed to constant parallel soundtrack. The costume made reference to the films pred ecessors; however, it was given a more casual look. Suits were not always the clothing of choice. Many characters opting for jeans and a shirt. However, the use of leather jackets and trench coats by almost all characters made it a new norm in the genre. The film had a selling point of Sting and Vinnie Jones starring in the film. Mustard? I dont care if hes Mohammed Im-Hard Bruce Lee Snatch (2000) continued where Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels left off. Using many of the same values used, the multi tier narrative and the semi-open endings. Both Lock Stock and Snatch had relatively open endings, with Tom straddling the bridge at the end of Lock, Stock and with someone coming over from America to buy the diamond in Snatch. The genre of the gangster has evolved greatly since its primitive early beginnings and has been somewhat cyclical. In the beginning, the gangsters were glorified, then vilified, now we seem to be living in an era where gangsters are glorified once again. We have also seen a shift from an Italian-American dominated genre to a more global genre, with some of the more successful films taking place in London. The films have also become shorter, with The Godfather and Scarface being longer films with a single narrative structure with a definite ending. To shorter, multiple narrative films where things are constantly changing.

Use OptionParser to Parse Commands in Ruby

Use OptionParser to Parse Commands in Ruby In the article discussing OptionParsers features we discussed some of the reasons that make using OptionParser in Ruby preferable to looking through ARGV manually to parse commands by hand. Now its time to get down to learning how to use OptionParser and its features. The following boilerplate code will be used for all the examples in this tutorial. To try any of the examples, simply put the examples opts.on block next to the TODO comment. Running the program will print the state of the options has and ARGV, allowing you to examine the effects of your switches. #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire optparserequire pp# This hash will hold all of the options# parsed from the command-line by# OptionParser.options {}optparse OptionParser.new do|opts|# TODO: Put command-line options here# This displays the help screen, all programs are# assumed to have this option.opts.on( -h, help, Display this screen ) doputs optsexitendend# Parse the command-line. Remember there are two forms# of the parse method. The parse method simply parses# ARGV, while the parse! method parses ARGV and removes# any options found there, as well as any parameters for# the options. Whats left is the list of files to resize.optparse.parse!pp Options:, optionspp ARGV:, ARGV Simple Switch A simple switch is an argument with no optional forms or no parameters. The effect will be to simply set a flag in the options hash. No other parameters will be passed to the on method. options[:simple] falseopts.on( -s, simple, Simple argument ) dooptions[:simple] trueend Switch with Mandatory Parameter Switches that take a parameter only need to state the parameter name in the long form of the switch. For example, -f, file FILE means the -f or file switch takes a single parameter called FILE, and this parameter is mandatory. You cannot use either -f or file without also passing it a parameter. options[:mand] opts.on( -m, mandatory FILE, Mandatory argument ) do|f|options[:mand] fend Switch with Optional Parameter Switch parameters dont have to be mandatory, they can be optional. To declare a switch parameter optional, place its name in brackets in the switch description. For example, logfile [FILE] means the FILE parameter is optional. If not supplied, the program will assume a sane default, such as a file called log.txt. In the example, the idiom a b || c is used. This is just shorthand for a b, but if b is false or nil, a c. options[:opt] falseopts.on( -o, optional [OPT], Optional argument ) do|f|options[:opt] f || nothingend Automatically Convert to Float OptionParser can automatically convert argument to some types. One of these types is Float. To automatically convert your arguments to a switch to Float, pass Float to the on method after your switch description strings. Automatic conversions are handy. Not only do they save you the step of converting the string to the desired type, but also check the format for you and will throw an exception if it is formatted incorrectly. options[:float] 0.0opts.on( -f, float NUM, Float, Convert to float ) do|f|options[:float] fend Some other types that OptionParser can convert to automatically include Time and Integer. Lists of Arguments Arguments can be interpreted as lists. This can be seen as converting to an array, as you converted to Float. While your option string can define the parameter to be called a,b,c, OptionParser will blindly allow any number of elements in the list. So, if you need a specific number of elements, be sure to check the array length yourself. options[:list] []opts.on( -l, list a,b,c, Array, List of parameters ) do|l|options[:list] lend Set of Arguments Sometimes it makes sense to restrict arguments to a switch to a few choices. For example, the following switch will only take a single mandatory parameter, and the parameter must be one of yes, no or maybe. If the parameter is anything else at all, an exception will be thrown. To do this, pass a list of acceptable parameters as symbols after the switch description strings. options[:set] :yesopts.on( -s, set OPT, [:yes, :no, :maybe], Parameters from a set ) do|s|options[:set] send Negated Forms Switches can have a negated form. The switch negated can have one that does the opposite effect, called no-negated. To describe this in the switch description string, place the alternative portion in brackets: [no-]negated. If the first form is encountered, true will be passed to the block, and false will be blocked if the second form is encountered. options[:neg] falseopts.on( -n, [no-]negated, Negated forms ) do|n|options[:neg] nend